Born in 1819 on Long Island, Whitman left school at eleven and learned the printing trade. He spent his twenties typesetting, reporting, and editing the Brooklyn Eagle, riding the omnibuses and talking to the drivers and the ferrymen. The attention the poems required, he trained into himself first.
In 1855, at thirty-six, he self-published twelve untitled poems and an eleven-page preface. No publisher would touch it, so he set much of the type himself and left his name off the title page. Emerson wrote within weeks, calling it extraordinary. Whitman rebuilt the book five more times over the next twenty-six years — adding, cutting, regrouping — until the 1881 edition finally settled its shape.
He spent the Civil War in Washington's hospitals as a volunteer, sitting with wounded men and writing their letters home. A government clerkship ended when his supervisor read Leaves of Grass and found it obscene. After a stroke in 1873 he moved to Camden, New Jersey, and stayed nineteen years — from 1884 in a small house on Mickle Street, still revising, receiving visitors from Tennyson to Oscar Wilde.
1819Born, West Hills, Long Island
1855Self-published Leaves of Grass, age 36
1862–65Volunteer nurse, Civil War hospitals
1892Died, Camden, New Jersey
The Work
Leaves of Grass
1855–1881
Six editions; the expanding record of a self and a nation
Song of Myself
1855
The foundational poem; 52 sections containing the entire argument
Drum-Taps
1865
Civil War poems written from the hospital wards
Democratic Vistas
1871
Prose argument for what American democracy must become